Ulnar variance (also known as Hulten variance) refers to the relative lengths of the distal articular surfaces of the radius and ulna and is primarily a plain radiographic determination.. Ulnar variance may be: neutral (both the ulnar and radial articular surfaces at the same level) positive (ulna projects more distally); negative (ulna projects more proximally) perforating branches supply the roof of the sinus; Variant anatomy. The temporal bone is situated on the sides and the base of the cranium and lateral to the temporal lobe of the cerebrum. Here the artery is also referred to as the cavernous part. left brachiocephalic, internal thoracic and inferior thyroid veins; Lymphatic drainage. The temporal bone is one of the most important calvarial and skull base bones. The main artery in the shoulder is the axillary artery.This artery begins at the lateral border of the 1st The common carotid artery bifurcates to form the internal carotid and the external carotid artery (ECA).Just superior to its origin, the ICA has a dilatation called the carotid bulb or sinus, which is the location of the carotid body.. the anterior ramus of spinal nerve C5) may also be considered as part of the plexus due to its contribution in the formation of one of the motor Gross anatomy. Gross anatomy Origin. The carpal bones, also known as the carpus (plural: carpi), are the eight bones of the wrist that form the articulation of the forearm with the hand.They are usually divided into two rows: proximal row. Being familiar with the order of ossification of the elbow is important in not mistaking an epicondylar fracture for a normal ossification center.. The parotid gland is wrapped around the mandibular ramus and extends to a position anterior and inferior to the ear. The anterior intercostal branches of internal thoracic artery supply the upper five or six a branch of the costocervical trunk of the subclavian artery. The axillary lymph nodes, also known commonly as axillary nodes, are a group of lymph nodes in the axilla and receive lymph from vessels that drain the arm, the walls of the thorax, the breast and the upper walls of the abdomen.. History and etymology. The cervical plexus is a conglomeration of cervical nerves formed by the anterior (ventral) rami of spinal nerves C1-C4 (a.k.a. The mediastinum contains all the thoracic viscera except the lungs: heart and great aberrant right subclavian artery passing anterior or posterior to the esophagus. parasternal, brachiocephalic and tracheobronchial lymph nodes; Innervation. The axillary artery supplies the content of the shoulder and the arm via its six branches that each originate from the trunk of the artery in the following order: The word lusoria comes from the Latin phrase "lusus naturae", meaning "freak of nature", which refers to the anomalous course of the artery 8-10.. 1 st rib 2 The mediastinum is a space in the thorax that contains a group of organs, vessels, nerves, lymphatics and their surrounding connective tissue. Gross anatomy Divisions: 2-part classification. There is a significant association between negative ulnar variance and Kienbck disease, although the majority of people with negative ulnar variance do not have this condition. termination: combines with the contralateral vertebral artery to form the basilar The base of the skull (or skull base) forms the floor of the cranial cavity and separates the brain from the structures of the neck and face. Here it curves vertically and superiorly to exit the sinus through its roof and become the cerebral part of the internal carotid artery. The second part of the axillary artery gives rise to two vessels. The temporal bone is divided into several main parts/portions 1-3:. The term "dysphagia lusoria" was coined by the English surgeon, David Bayford (1739-90) when he described the case of a female patient with "obstructed deglutition" due to an anomalous The jugular foramen is the cranial foramen between the petrous temporal bone and occipital bone where the sigmoid sinus and inferior petrosal sinus drain into the internal jugular vein and where cranial nerves IXXI (glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory) exit.. Gross anatomy. The facial nerve and its branches pass through the parotid gland, as does the external carotid artery and retromandibular vein.The external carotid artery forms its two Innervation. The 5th cervical nerve (i.e. The structure is a depression bounded. In the shoulder and arm, the brachial plexus gives rise to two nerves: the suprascapular nerve; the axillary nerve; When the brachial plexus is injured, these nerves are affected and some interesting clinical syndromes can be observed.. Arteries and veins. Aortic ductus diverticulum is a developmental outpouching of the thoracic aorta which may be mistaken for an acute aortic injury.. Arteries of the shoulder The main artery of the shoulder is the axillary artery.It originates from the subclavian artery at the lateral margin of the first rib and enters the shoulder region. trapezium; trapezoid; capitate; hamate; The names and order of these bones can be remembered through various By way of its branches, the thoracoacromial artery pierces the clavipectoral fascia to supply regions of the upper limb and trunk for which they are named.. It is also the site of the majority (~90%) of post-traumatic aortic injuries as the Arterial supply. inferior thyroid and internal thoracic arteries; Venous drainage. Gross anatomy The acromioclavicular joint is between the small facet of the convex distal clavicle and flat anteromedial acromion. The clavicular branch courses The 5th cervical nerve (i.e. modified barium swallow is used to evaluate pharyngeal motility during swallowing; the procedure utilizes barium of varying consistencies given by mouth with video recording of swallowing This classification was initially proposed by Bigliani et al. The horizontal fissure is highly variable and can be found to be incomplete or absent in some patients. vagal fibers; sympathetic fibers entering with blood vessels that are vasomotor Appearance Order. in 1986 The horizontal fissure arises from the right oblique fissure and follows the 4 th intercostal space from the sternum until it meets the oblique fissure as it crosses right 5 th rib 1.. Gross anatomy. Summary. The jugular foramen is commonly described in Supraclavicular zone Station 1 (left/right): low cervical, supraclavicular, and sternal notch nodes. minute branches from this nerve supply the medial wall of the sinus; infraorbital nerve. Gross anatomy. In tetrapods, cervical vertebrae (singular: vertebra) are the vertebrae of the neck, immediately below the skull.Truncal vertebrae (divided into thoracic and lumbar vertebrae in mammals) lie caudal (toward the tail) of cervical vertebrae. 1st-4th cervical nerves).These are the roots (limbs) of the cervical plexus. The left counterparts to these Common anatomic variations of maxillary sinuses are 6: pneumatization into the roots of teeth (83.2%) antral septations (44.4%) hypoplasia (4.8%) exostosis (2.6%) In most cases, the carotid bifurcation occurs between the levels of the C3 and C5 vertebrae, or between the levels Each lung weighs approximately 1.1 kg. Gross anatomy. Mnemonics for elbow ossification include CRITOE and CRITOL. medially by the aryepiglottic fold and arytenoid and cricoid cartilages; laterally by the thyroid cartilage and thyrohyoid membrane; superiorly by the level of the hyoid bone; inferiorly by the level of the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage It is usually seen at the anteromedial aspect of the aorta at site of the aortic isthmus, where the ligamentum arteriosum attaches. The acromioclavicular joint (ACJ) is a planar diarthrodial synovial joint of the pectoral girdle. Negative ulnar variance describes a state where the ulna is abnormally shortened (by more than 2.5 mm) compared to the radius and plays an important role in wrist pathology.. The superior vena cava receives blood from the upper half of the body via the left and right brachiocephalic veins , and the inferior vena cava from the lower half, through the common iliac veins. Elbow ossification occurs at the six elbow ossification centers in a reproducible order. They are affected by a wide range of pathology that results in a diverse range of illnesses. The skull base and vault collectively form the neurocranium. of the given space. Summary. The lungs are the functional units of respiration and are key to survival.They contain 1500 miles of airways, 300-500 million alveoli and have a combined surface area of 70 square meters (half a tennis court). The shape of the acromion had been initially divided into three types (which was known as the Bigliani classification) 3, to which a fourth has been added 2.They are used as a standardized way of describing the acromion, as well as predicting to a degree the incidence of impingement.. Epidemiology. superior border: lower margin of the cricoid cartilage; inferior border: strictly the IASLC defines this as the clavicles, which leads to ambiguity, particularly as the clavicle is mobile - a more definitive anatomical boundary is the thoracic inlet, i.e. The subclavian artery is a paired arterial vessel of the thorax.The right and left arteries have different origins; the left subclavian artery originates directly from the aortic arch, while the right subclavian artery originates from the brachiocephalic trunk.. Os acromiale is relatively common, seen in ~8% (range 1-15%) of the population 1,2 and can be bilateral in 60% of individuals 5.. Clinical presentation. This initial division is into secondary or lobar bronchi, but subsequent divisions give rise to smaller and smaller bronchi and bronchioles until the smallest bronchioles connect to the innumerable alveoli.. Each segment has its own numerous small branches. It is thought to increase the risk of shoulder impingement presumably due to increased mobility of the unfused secondary center. In relation to the anterior scalene muscles, the subclavian artery can be divided into three segments that The order of appearances of the elbow ossification centers is highly reliable and in most individuals, is They are usually asymptomatic. posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA). Classification. the anterior ramus of spinal nerve C5) may also be considered as part of the plexus due to its contribution in the formation of one of the motor A collection of air cells (3-18 in number) separated by bony septa within each The azygos vein is a unilateral vessel that ascends in the thorax to the right of the vertebral column, carrying deoxygenated blood from the posterior chest and abdominal walls. On the right-hand side of the body, the brachiocephalic trunk arises from the arch of the aorta and bifurcates at the upper border of the 2nd right sternoclavicular joint.It gives rise to the right subclavian artery as well as the right common carotid artery.. Within the sinus, the internal carotid artery travels anteriorly, in a horizontal manner until it reaches the anterior limit of the sinus. It forms part of the azygos venous system. There are five axillary lymph node groups, namely the lateral (humeral), anterior (pectoral), posterior (subscapular), The cervical plexus is a conglomeration of cervical nerves formed by the anterior (ventral) rami of spinal nerves C1-C4 (a.k.a. Radiographic appearance Fluoroscopy. Major branches of the aorta include the brachiocephalic trunk, the left common carotid artery and the left subclavian artery. origin: branches of the 1 st part of the subclavian artery course: ascends posterior to the internal carotid artery in the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae branches. radicular/spinal branches. squamous part (temporal squama); petrous part (petrous pyramid); Gross anatomy. A useful mnemonic to remember the order of development is CRITOL or CRITOE (see video Arterial supply is via anastomotic (medial, lateral and posterior) arcades formed by branches of the radial, ulnar and brachial arteries 7 which contribute to the arterial anastomosis of the elbow. The trachea divides at the carina forming the left and right main stem bronchi which enter the lung substance to divide further. The Journal of Emergency Medicine is an international, peer-reviewed publication featuring original contributions of interest to both the academic and practicing emergency physician.JEM, published monthly, contains research papers and clinical studies as well as articles focusing on the training of emergency physicians and on the practice of emergency location: between the orbit and the nasal cavity, within the ethmoid labyrinth of the ethmoid bone; blood supply: supraorbital, anterior and posterior ethmoidal and sphenopalatine arteries; innervation: anterior and posterior ethmoidal and supraorbital nerves Gross anatomy. It lies in the midline of the chest between the pleura of each lung and extends from the sternum to the vertebral column.. It has superficial and deep lobes, separated by the facial nerve. Although there is a dual supply to the brain, each division shares a common origin. In sauropsid species, the cervical vertebrae bear cervical ribs.In lizards and saurischian dinosaurs, the cervical ribs are large; in birds, they are 1st-4th cervical nerves).These are the roots (limbs) of the cervical plexus. scaphoid; lunate; triquetrum; pisiform distal row. These are essentially the same, apart from the terminal letter which represents the External or Lateral epicondyle. Gross anatomy Relations and/or boundaries. Variant anatomy. The vein is superior to the artery, and the intercostal nerve is inferior to it. There are six ossification centers of the elbow that appear and develop in a relatively reproducible fashion, and are key to assessment of the pediatric elbow radiograph.Timing of their appearance varies in the literature but an approximation is given below. The thoracoacromial (acromiothoracic) artery is a primary trunk that gives rise to four other arteries. Gross anatomy.